Hey friend, have you been staring at the large LED screen that plays advertisements in the mall and staring at it? Those moving pictures are obviously composed of countless small light spots, but when you look closer, you can't find the legendary "chip" that glows in the legend. Today we will explore where this mysterious part is hidden.

▌Find out what a chip is
To put it bluntly, the chip is the "little heart" of LEDs, which is smaller in size than sesame seeds. This thing is not ordinary stone, but a semiconductor material made of metal elements such as gallium, arsenic, and aluminum. Imagine mixing seven or eight kinds of metals like a cocktail and finally solidify into luminous crystals. This is the true body of the chip.

The common LED display screens on the market now include three small light beads of red, green and blue. And there are 1-3 chips hidden in each lamp bead. For example, to display pure white, red, green and blue chips must emit light at the same time. Your mobile phone screen can display 16.7 million colors, all thanks to the different brightness combinations of these three primary colors.

▌The hiding place of the chip
The key point is here! These chips usually hide in three layers of protection:

1. Epoxy resin shell: wraps the wafer like a transparent jelly, both translucent and dust-proof
2. Metal bracket: Use a "backer" to the chip and can also help dissipate heat
3. Lamp bead shell: wrap the entire luminous assembly into small squares

For example, a common outdoor advertising screen on the commercial street, each lamp bead has a diameter of about 3 mm. The chip size here is only 0.3×0.3 mm, which is almost the area of the cross-section of the hair. If you look at it with a microscope, you can see that the surface of the wafer is engraved with nano-scale concave and convex structures, and these patterns can refract light more evenly.

▌How does the wafer shine
The moment the chip is powered on, the "electronic sports meeting" is started inside. Negatively charged particles start from the N-type semiconductor layer, and positively charged holes start from the P-type semiconductor layer. Two twelve groups of particles collide in the middle light-emitting layer, bursting out photons like firework explosions. This luminescent layer is only one thousandth of the thickness of the hair, but it has to withstand the impact of 100 amperes per square centimeter.

How do different colors of light come about? The key lies in the material formula of the luminescent layer:

• Red wafer: Doped with aluminum gallium phosphide
• Blue wafer: Gallium nitride
• Green wafer: Gallium phosphide base

▌The display effect brought by good chips
The high-end LED screens on the market now use flip chip technology. This kind of chip hides the electrodes at the bottom, and the benefits are too numerous to count:

1. Increase the luminous area by 30%
2. Increased heat dissipation efficiency by 2 times
3. Brightness uniformity reaches 95%
4. Service life exceeds 100,000 hours

For example, the transparent window screen in the mall uses this kind of chip. The daytime transmissivity can reach 86%, and the brightness is automatically adjusted to 1200cd/m² when playing advertisements at night, which does not affect the display of the window, and can ensure the clear picture [Company Case]. This intelligent dimming technology relies entirely on the built-in photosensitive components of the chip to monitor the ambient brightness in real time.

The stadium fence screen is even more powerful, and the chips used come with IP65 protection. When it rains heavily, raindrops hit the screen can actually help the chip cool down. After the display screen was upgraded at a stadium in Tokyo last year, the audience found that the sweat on the players' faces could be seen clearly, thanks to the refresh rate of the chip that exceeded 3840Hz [Company Case].

▌You will definitely not think of the future trend
The most popular Micro LED technology now directly reduces the chip size to the micron level. This kind of chip does not need to be packaged into lamp beads, and can be directly attached to the circuit board. The benefits are visible to the naked eye:

• Reduce screen thickness by 70%
• Reduce energy consumption by half
• The contrast ratio soared to 100,000:1
• The viewing angle is expanded to 170 degrees

This is what I heard from a certain cinema-level LED screen that will be launched in the year. At 4K resolution, each pixel is driven by a 40-micron chip, and there is no pixel particle at all standing 3 meters away. This kind of screen can even show a sense of layering even in black, and you will no longer be afraid of dark scenes when watching movies.

After all, chip technology directly determines the display quality of LED displays. Next time I see the advertising screen on the street, you might as well look closer to observe the luminous dots - although the chip body cannot be seen with the naked eye, it is silently interpreting the magic show of light and electricity in the square inch. Maybe one day, your TV wall will use these luminous chips to turn the living room into a private cinema!

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